# 6.2. Cost in EXPLAIN

During planning, the cost associated with each node of the plan is computed based on the table statistics for the tables in the query. This calculated cost is printed as part of the output of an EXPLAIN statement.

Cost information is displayed in the plan tree using the format {rows: XX (XX), cpu: XX, memory: XX, network: XX}. rows refers to the expected number of rows output by each plan node during execution. The value in the parentheses following the number of rows refers to the expected size of the data output by each plan node in bytes. Other parameters indicate the estimated amount of CPU, memory, and network utilized by the execution of a plan node. These values do not represent any actual unit, but are numbers that are used to compare the relative costs between plan nodes, allowing the optimizer to choose the best plan for executing a query. If any of the values is not known, a ? is printed.

For example:

presto:default> EXPLAIN SELECT comment FROM tpch.sf1.nation WHERE nationkey > 3;

- Output[comment] => [[comment]]
Estimates: {rows: 22 (1.69kB), cpu: 6148.25, memory: 0.00, network: 1734.25}
- RemoteExchange[GATHER] => [[comment]]
Estimates: {rows: 22 (1.69kB), cpu: 6148.25, memory: 0.00, network: 1734.25}
- ScanFilterProject[table = tpch:nation:sf1.0, filterPredicate = ("nationkey" > BIGINT '3')] => [[comment]]
Estimates: {rows: 25 (1.94kB), cpu: 2207.00, memory: 0.00, network: 0.00}/{rows: 22 (1.69kB), cpu: 4414.00, memory: 0.00, network: 0.00}/{rows: 22 (1.69kB), cpu: 6148.25, memory: 0.00, network: 0.00}
nationkey := tpch:nationkey
comment := tpch:comment


Generally, there is only one cost printed for each plan node. However, when a Scan operator is combined with a Filter and/or Project operator, then multiple cost structures will be printed, each corresponding to an individual logical part of the combined operator. For example, three cost structures will be printed for a ScanFilterProject operator, corresponding to the Scan, Filter, and Project parts of the operator, in that order.

Estimated cost is also printed in EXPLAIN ANALYZE in addition to actual runtime statistics.